Gene function prediction using an AnnoTree-based genomic language model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large tree-of-life (ToL) scale databases of microbial genomes are powerful resources for exploring genome structure and function from a phylogenomic context. Despite the growing availability of genomic data, large-scale genome annotation is still a challenge, with a considerable fraction of genes remaining as unannotated. Here, to expand the capabilities of database-wide gene function prediction, we used our AnnoTree platform as a corpus for training a Word2vec-based genomic language model (gLM). Machine-learning of genomic grammar patterns across the AnnoTree database revealed functional associations between genes and enabled the inference of function for hypothetical proteins and domains, as we demonstrated by predicting novel type VI secretion proteins. Finally, we implemented a web-server to allow users to interact with the AnnoTree Word2vec model, thus facilitating gene function prediction. Ultimately, our work highlighted the GTDB/AnnoTree database as a powerful training database for gLMs focused on prediction and discovery of microbial gene functions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".