From open fields to inside worlds: three generations of childhood in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores how childhood experiences in urban Indonesia have changed across three generations, aiming to understand how these different cohorts have navigated and adapted to their environments amidst continuous urban and social transformations. Focusing on Yogyakarta – a city marked by a unique blend of tradition and modernity – we explore how changes in the urban fabric and socio-economic circumstances have affected children’s play, socialisation and mobility and their agency in navigating their urban environments. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 12 three-generation families, our findings reveal generational shifts in play patterns, from the communal and outdoor activities that grandparents enjoyed as children, to the increasingly supervised and indoor play of today’s children. Growing concerns over traffic congestion and changing social norms have restricted children’s mobility and access to outdoor play spaces, prompting calls from participants for urban spaces that support less structured and more socially enriching play opportunities. Despite such changes, the importance of religious practices and community engagement were found to be constants in shaping children’s daily lives across generations. This study thus deepens understanding of the roles of cultural and religious practices in shaping urban childhood experiences and contributes to the relatively sparse literature on children’s geographies in Asia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".