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Insights into the application of explainable artificial intelligence for biological wastewater treatment plants: Updates and perspectives

2025· article· en· W4406979160 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueEngineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicExplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceWastewaterMachine learningEnvironmental science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an interactive platform that assists users in comprehending the decisions and predictions made by machine learning (ML) models. This allows users to enhance their knowledge of ML models and their functioning, which not only helps in mitigating bias and errors but also aids in improving user decision-making confidence. XAI, due to its ability to increase the model output interpretation, has gained significant attention in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This is owing, in particular, to the fact that it facilitates the experts in steering knowledge about the predictions and decisions made by ML, thus guaranteeing that the model decisions are fair and unbiased. ML has made amazing advances in recent years, thanks to its exponential growth in possessing the power to process massive volumes of data, allowing it to be widely embraced in WWTPs. This review seeks to illustrate the potential of XAI for WWTP applications such as process modeling and control, soft sensing, fusion of data, and the internet of things, and fill the knowledge gap by thoroughly introducing XAI techniques and their use in smart wastewater engineering. Overall, the features of XAI can aid in establishing reliable and efficient water resource management , which is quintessential to achieving environmental sustainability . It is envisioned that the prospects offered would spark new lines of study, helping to reduce the current skepticism and apprehension about ML adoption and integration in WWTP.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.908
Threshold uncertainty score0.894

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.034
GPT teacher head0.286
Teacher spread0.252 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it