U-YOLOv3: A Model Focused on Underwater Object Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Underwater image enhancement and object detection has great potential for studying underwater environments. It has been utilized in various domains, including image-based underwater monitoring and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)-driven applications such as underwater terrain surveying. It has been observed that, underwater images are not clear due to several factors such as: low light, the presence of small particles, different levels of refraction of light etc. Extracting high-quality features from these images to detect objects is a significant challenging task. To mitigate this challenge, MIRNet and modified version of YOLOv3 namely Underwater-YOLOv3 (U-YOLOv3) is proposed. The MIRNetisadeeplearning-based technology for enhancing underwater images. while using YOLOv3 for underwater object detection it lacks in detection of very small objects and huge size objects. To address this problem proper anchor box size, quality feature aggregation technique, and during object classification image resizing is required. The proposed U-YOLOv3 has three unique features which helps to work with above specified issue like accurate anchor box determination using the K-means++ clustering algorithm, introduced Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) layer during feature extraction which helps in feature aggregation and added downsampling and upsampling to improve detection rate of very large and very small size objects. The size of the anchor box is crucial in detecting objects of different sizes, SPP helps in aggregation of features, while down and upsampling changes sizes of objects during object detection. The experiment on the Brackish and Trash-ICRA19 datasets shows that our proposed method enhances the mean average precision for both datasets by 10% and 9%, respectively, compared to the original YOLOv3 and other existing work. This enhancement demonstrates that our proposed model is more appropriate for identifying submerged items and is also capable of recognizing closely clustered, small, very large objects on the ocean floor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".