Economic Burden and Costs of Drowning in Costa Rica
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surf-related drowning fatalities are recognized as a serious public health issue in Costa Rica. Using data obtained from the Costa Rican Judicial Investigation Department, this study estimates the long-term economic impact of surf-related drowning fatalities based on the Value of a Statistical Life Year (VSLY) and an estimate of the direct costs associated with search and rescue, emergency services, and postmortem care. Between 2001 and 2022, surf-related drowning fatalities in Costa Rica resulted in a direct cost (DC) of >$2.0 million per year (USD) for search and rescue, >$87k/yr in costs to the families for repatriation (R) of the deceased, and a long-term economic burden (VSL) of ∼$100 million per year. On average, each drowning in Costa Rica results in a >$2 M cost (VSL+DC+R), which provides a benchmark to assess the net benefit of educational and legislated initiatives (e.g., lifeguards and warning systems) to reduce the number of surf-related drowning fatalities in the country.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it