Macrogrids and Supergrids: Wide Area Transmission to Improve Electrification and Variable Renewable Energy Use
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies have shown that wide area high-voltage dc (HVdc) electric power grids will be needed for the future. In North America, these are known as “macrogrids” and in Europe, “supergrids,” which are sometimes referred to as “hypergrids.” There are obstacles in the way to achieving these wide area grids, however. What are these obstacles, and how can they be overcome? Such obstacles include passing through multiple jurisdictions and obtaining permitting. The NIMBY challenge is one such issue. Of course, a wide area transmission grid will pass through different countries and states, adding to the permitting challenge. The processes that are being applied include the use of rights-of-way of existing railroads or highways. Underwater locations may include those beneath lakes and rivers as well as those undersea. In the United States, the right-of-way of a rail line is being used to traverse several states for 2,100-MW, ±525-kV HVdc cables. Roadside rights-of-way are also under active consideration for HVdc cables for the macrogrid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".