Hepatoprotective role of ascorbic acid against fenvalerate-induced histopathological, ultrastructural, and antioxidant disruptions in Ctenopharyngodon idella
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ctenopharyngodon idella , a herbivorous fish, is widely used in aquaculture to control aquatic weeds. Owing to its significant role, the present study investigates the protective effects of ascorbic acid (AA) against fenvalerate (FEN) toxicity in the liver of Ctenopharyngodon idella. Dietary AA supplementation (1000 mg/kg diet) was tested against 1.2 and 2 µg/L of FEN and fish were dissected on the 15th, 30th, and 60th day of the experiment. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and reduced glutathione) on the 15th and 30th days of FEN treatment followed by a decrease on the 60th day as compared to control group. While as, the malondialdehyde level was elevated throughout the experiment. Histopathological analysis revealed severe liver damage in FEN-treated fish, with notable infiltration of sinusoids, necrosis, and pycnotic nuclei, resulting in a mean degree of tissue change (DTC) value of 117.12 ± 1.27 at 2 µg/L of FEN on the 60th day of the experiment. Transmission electron microscopy displayed significant anomalies, including glycogen depletion, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, loss of heterochromatin, and necrotic hepatocytes with disrupted cytoplasm. However, dietary AA supplementation significantly minimized antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced liver pathology in FEN-treated fish, demonstrating its hepatoprotective efficacy. The study concludes that AA supplementation is recommended in aquaculture systems to mitigate the adverse effects of FEN. • FEN induces hepatotoxicity in C. idella , causing oxidative stress and liver damage. • Elevated SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels indicate FEN-induced liver dysfunction. • AA supplementation mitigates FEN toxicity, demonstrating hepatoprotective effects. • AA’s antioxidant properties reduce oxidative stress and serum markers. • Histopathological analysis confirms AA’s protective role against FEN-induced liver damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".