Optimization of arsenic removal from water using novel renewable adsorbents derived from orange peels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• TiO 2 impacted orange peel activated carbon (ACOP-TiO 2 ) physicochemical properties. • ACOP-TiO 2 adsorption capacity for arsenic (As) reached 10.91 mg/g. • Optimal condition: pH = 4.2, As initial concentration = 50 mg/L, adsorbent dose = 3.3 g/L. • Pseudo-2nd-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models best describe As adsorption. • Thermodynamic studies revealed a spontaneous and endothermic process. This study developed activated carbon from orange peels (ACOP) and modified ACOP with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) (ACOP-TiO 2 ), focusing on optimizing the adsorption capacity of ACOP-TiO 2 for arsenic removal from water. The developed adsorbent (ACOP-TiO 2 ) was prepared and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis, and elemental analysis. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) test demonstrated that the modification increased the surface area of ACOP-TiO 2 by 2.55 times greater than ACOP. Adsorption experiments were conducted using synthetic aqueous solutions of arsenic (As(V)), and the response surface methodology (RSM) incorporating central composite design (CCD) was employed for experimental optimization. The results indicated that ACOP-TiO 2 demonstrated efficient arsenic removal, with optimal pH identified at approximately 4.2. Increasing adsorbent dosage (0.025–0.4 g in 50 mL solution, corresponding to 0.5–8 g L -1 ) positively influenced adsorption efficiency, while initial arsenic concentration (10–60 mg L -1 ) directly correlated with adsorbent capacity, with a predicted optimum concentration of 50 mg L -1 . Contact time (0.4–6 h) exhibited minimal impact on adsorbent capacity within the experimental timeframe. Under the conditions of pH 4.2, an initial arsenic concentration of 50 mg L -1 , an adsorbent dose of 3.3 g L -1 (0.165 g adsorbent/50 mL solution), and a contact time of 4.8 h, the maximum adsorbent capacity in arsenic removal for ACOP-TiO 2 was 10.91 mg g −1 . The intra-particle diffusion kinetic model and Temkin isotherm best described arsenic adsorption onto ACOP-TiO 2 . This research contributes valuable insights into utilizing agricultural waste for water treatment, offering a sustainable and economical solution for arsenic removal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".