GPT-Driven Gestures: Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Expressive Robot Motion for Enhanced Human-Robot Interaction
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Expressive robot motion is a form of nonverbal communication that enables robots to convey their internal states, fostering effective human-robot interaction. A key step in designing expressive robot motions is developing a mapping from the desired states the robot will express to the robot's hardware and available degrees of freedom (design space). This letter introduces a novel framework to autonomously generate this mapping by leveraging a large language model (LLM) to select motion parameters and their values for target robot states. We evaluate expressive robot body language displayed on a Unitree Go1 quadruped as generated by a Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) provided with a set of adjustable motion parameters. Through a two-part study (N = 120), we compared LLM-generated expressive motions with both randomly selected and human-selected expressions. Our results show that participants viewing LLM-generated expressions achieve a significantly higher state classification accuracy over random baselines and perform comparably with human-generated expressions. Additionally, in our post-hoc analysis we find that the Earth Movers Distance provides a useful metric for identifying similar expressions in the design space that lead to classification confusion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it