Selecting Observationally Constrained Global Climate Model Ensembles Using Autoencoders and Transfer Learning
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Climate modes of variability are recurring patterns that influence climate phenomena across spatial scales. Accurately representing these modes in Global Climate Models (GCMs) is crucial for assessing model performance and reducing uncertainty in future climate projections. In this study, we present a novel approach utilizing autoencoder neural networks (AEs) combined with transfer learning to evaluate the representation of monthly sea level pressure (SLP) modes over North America across five GCMs: the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model (GFDL‐CM4), Centro Euro‐Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici Climate Model (CMCC‐CM2‐SR5), Canadian Earth System Model Version 5 (CanESM5), Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace Climate Model (IPSL‐CM6A‐LR), and Hadley Center Global Environment Model Version 3 (HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL). We derived the reference regional SLP modes using autoencoders (AE) from the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5), capturing more physically consistent SLP patterns. Transfer learning was employed to adapt the pre‐trained AE, from ERA5 to the GCM outputs, enabling a direct and robust evaluation of each model’s ability to produce the observationally constrained SLP modes. This approach allowed us to rank the GCMs based on how well they replicated the reference SLP modes, providing an observationally constrained assessment of model performance. The congruence coefficients between the modeled and reference modes exceeded 0.91 for all GCMs, demonstrating strong performance in simulating regional SLP modes over North America. Among the models, HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL achieved the highest performance with an average congruence coefficient of 0.94. These results highlight the effectiveness of neural network techniques in evaluating and ranking GCMs for model intercomparison projects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it