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Record W4408438767 · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf005

Software security in practice: knowledge and motivation

2025· article· en· W4408438767 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Cybersecurity · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicInformation and Cyber Security
Canadian institutionsCarleton University
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsPsychologyKnowledge managementComputer scienceApplied psychology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Developing secure software remains a challenge for developers despite the availability of security resources and secure development tools. Common factors affecting software security include the developer’s security awareness and the rationales behind their development decisions with respect to security. In this work, we conducted interviews with software developers to examine how developers in organizations acquire security knowledge, and what factors motivate or prevent developers from adopting software security practices. Our analysis reveals that developers’ security knowledge and motivations are intertwined aspects that are both important for promoting security in development teams. We identified a variety of learning opportunities used by developers and employers for increasing security awareness, including in-context learning activities preferred by developers. Based on our application of the self-determination theory, better security outcomes are expected when developers are internally driven toward security, rather than motivated by external factors; this aligns with our interpretation of participants’ descriptions relating to security outcomes within their teams. Based on our analysis, we provide ideas on how to motivate developers to internalize security and improve their security practices.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.539
Threshold uncertainty score0.421

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.003
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.276
Teacher spread0.268 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it