Testate amoebae are informative bioindicators of critically high ammonia deposition on peatlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global nitrogen cycle has been majorly disrupted by anthropogenic activity. While nitrogen emissions in the UK and Ireland are declining, ammonia (NH 3 ) remains a significant exception. NH 3 emissions are mostly agriculturally sourced and deposited on nearby habitats at high rates in both countries. Peatlands are globally important wetlands that are vulnerable to NH 3 deposition. Essential peatland restoration risks being diminished by excessive NH 3 deposition, leading to the loss of valuable ecosystem services. This study investigates testate amoebae (indicators of contemporary and historic peatland conditions) as bioindicators of seasonal NH 3 deposition on six peatlands across Northern Ireland, UK. Sphagnum , an NH 3 -sensitive bryophyte, was sampled adjacent to NH 3 monitoring sites once per season for a year. When NH 3 deposition was critically high, multivariate analysis demonstrates a link between NH 3 and testate amoebae assemblage change. Similarly, at high NH 3 deposition sites, testate amoebae taxa diversity is observed to be significantly reduced in springtime, when it is expected to be highest. Although, in response to high NH 3 deposition large algivorous taxa do not proliferate as was anticipated, and mixotrophic taxa abundance decreases could not be linked primarily to NH 3 . This research demonstrates the continued potential of testate amoebae as highly informative peatland bioindicators. • The first field study focussing on testate amoebae as bioindicators of seasonal NH 3 deposition on peatland ecosystems. • Multivariate analysis of testate amoebae assemblages showed critically high ammonia deposition in four lowland raised bogs. • Testate amoebae diversity was found to be unseasonably low during spring in critically high ammonia deposition sites. • A decline in mixotrophic testate amoebae was observed during the summer sampling period. • A hypothesised increase in large algivorous taxa in response to rising NH 3 deposition was not evident in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".