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Record W4409238291 · doi:10.1080/01639625.2025.2484619

The Language of Authority: Swearing, Prisonization, and Words Behind the Wall for the Correctional Officer

2025· article· en· W4409238291 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueDeviant Behavior · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicSwearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism
Canadian institutionsMemorial University of Newfoundland
FundersCanadian Institutes of Health Research
KeywordsOfficerPsychologyCriminologyLawEngineeringSocial psychologyPolitical science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Words are integral to human communication across social interactions. In the current study, we examine how the language of swearing is used in Canadian federal prisons to understand how correctional officers (COs) socialize and deliver human service. We seek to add to the body of literature suggesting COs experience the effects of prisonization, as we find nuance in how prison swearing for COs is a unique aspect of their work environment, integral to the norms of prison society, but concurrently, socially and professionally purposeful. We highlight how swearing – often dismissed as deviant – functions as an intentional, context-dependent communication strategy embedded within CO relationships in prison. Findings suggest swearing serves to manage stress, signal belonging, assert authority, and express masculinities, while also producing unintended disruptive effects on Canada’s national correctional officer workforce. We argue that swearing, as a normalized yet misunderstood form of profanity, plays a critical role in rapport building and human service delivery in correctional environments.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.480
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.023
GPT teacher head0.357
Teacher spread0.334 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it