Recovering the Ottoman <i>waqf</i> : the reconfiguration of Ottoman-Islamic intellectual culture in twentieth-century Istanbul
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates how waqf properties facilitated the reconfiguration of Ottoman-Islamic intellectual culture in twentieth-century Istanbul following the Turkish state’s abolition of Ottoman religious institutions. The article first delves into a historical-sociological examination of how, from the late nineteenth century, institutions such as madrasas , Sufi lodges, and manuscript libraries were gradually replaced by new civic venues for intellectual exchange and learning with the introduction of print culture, educational reforms, and the centralization of waqf properties. Secondly, through an ethnographic study of various Sunni Muslim civil society organizations in the historical Fatih district, the article explores diverse forms of engagement with Ottoman waqf properties to advance their educational programs rooted in Ottoman-Islamic intellectual heritage. While the waqf saw its demise in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Turkey, the emergence of modern civic associations and civil society organizations within Istanbul played a significant role in reconfiguring the discourse and functions of the Ottoman waqf . The article argues that, rather than viewing the restoration of waqf properties solely as a top-down political project, it is essential to recognize the waqf as a historically significant institution that continues to shape aspirations to revive Islamic intellectual culture through Ottoman-era architecture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".