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Record W4409711291 · doi:10.1080/13506285.2025.2492667

What can 9 million trials tell us about memorability in a hybrid search task?

2025· article· en· W4409711291 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueVisual Cognition · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldNeuroscience
TopicMemory Processes and Influences
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
FundersNational Eye InstituteNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNational Science Foundation
KeywordsPsychologyTask (project management)Visual searchCognitive psychology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Hybrid visual search tasks involve searching for multiple targets held in memory, but some targets are more memorable than others. Furthermore, some items are readily identified as being in the memory set, while others are readily identified as not being in the memory set; these may be considered to vary in their “hittability” and “rejectability”, respectively. In principle, both factors should impact error rates and reaction times in hybrid search. Using a set of 9 million trials from an online hybrid search game, we analyze participants’ errors and show that hittability and rejectability are largely separable. It is possible for items to be rejectable without being particularly hittable, and to be hittable without being particularly rejectable. Both factors are consistent across participants and stable across age, training, and performance. Rejectability strongly predicted reaction times in the search for new items, while hittability was more weakly associated with reaction times.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.064
Threshold uncertainty score0.529

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.103
GPT teacher head0.403
Teacher spread0.300 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it