A Theoretical Framework of Communal Resistance to Mega-Events
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Activists resist events in diverse ways to address many social problems. We synthesize 20 years of academic literature and data on how and why activists have opposed the bidding, staging, and legacy fallout of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, providing a comprehensive overview of Olympic resistance. Evidence is presented from a transnational resistance movement perspective and through case-by-case analysis of international events, including historical cases (Beijing 2008; Vancouver 2010; London 2012; Sochi 2014; Rio 2016; PyeongChang 2018; Tokyo 2020; Beijing 2022) and current cases (Paris 2024; LA 2028). Findings reveal a typology of resistance approaches. We explain their importance for each case, detailing key stakeholders, their roles in resistance, where it occurs, and when it emerges. Based on this analysis, we present a theoretical framework of communal resistance to large-scale events, generalizable to contested major sporting and cultural contexts. We conclude with managerial recommendations and a future research agenda, focused on exploring resistance beyond Olympic contexts, effectiveness of resistance tactics, and how transnational networks form, operate, and influence policy and planning in an increasingly digitized world.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it