Macrophage Characteristics Following Adaptation to Repeated Chlorine Exposures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rationale: Mice exposed to repeated chlorine gas exposures demonstrate a rapid adaptation to the exposure, with a reduction in airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled aerosols of methacholine. A previous study implicated alveolar macrophages in the adaptive response. However, a complete characterization of the changes in all the macrophage subsets during adaptation have not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of single versus repeated chlorine exposure on alveolar, interstitial and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Methods: Wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice (8-12 weeks old) were exposed to 100 ppm chlorine for 5 minutes, either once or three times at 3 day intervals. Airway responsiveness to inhaled aerosols of methacholine (MCh) was assessed using the flexiVent, and lungs were lavaged or harvested and digested 24 hours post-exposure for analysis by flow cytometry. A control group was exposed to air and assessed similarly. Results: A single exposure to chlorine increased responsiveness to methacholine (AHR) and BAL fluid neutrophilic inflammation. Following three exposures, mice demonstrated adaptation, evidenced by a return of responsiveness to MCh to levels comparable to the air-exposed control group. There was also a marked reduction in BAL fluid neutrophil count, confirmed by flow cytometry showing reduced lung neutrophilia in the three times exposed group. Furthermore, there was a significant upregulation of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression in monocyte-derived macrophages and interstitial macrophages in the single-exposure group compared to the other groups, indicating significant oxidative stress but expression of HO-1 was restored to control levels after three exposures to chlorine. Additionally, arginase-1 expression was elevated in all macrophage phenotypes in the three times exposed group relative to the single exposure group, indicating a phenotype switch to the reparative M2 macrophages. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that repeated chlorine exposure induces an adaptive response, improving respiratory function and inflammation. This adaptation is associated with alterations in all macrophage subsets, underscoring their potential role in protecting against airway inflammation from chlorine exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".