Mechanical transfer of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) virus sequences to wax by worker traffic and aerosolization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are of undeniable value to agriculture. However, increased mortality of honey bees, mostly due to winter losses associated with parasites and pathogens, have put strain on the apiculture industry. Advancing our knowledge of honey bee viruses and their interactions within the colony environment is vital in mitigating their effect on honey bee health. Our study examined virus sequences detected on beeswax sampled from empty colonies which died during the previous winter. Based on a cage study using virus-containing bees, we confirmed that the introduction of BQCV sequences to wax foundation was possible through workers walking on, and contacting, comb surfaces (worker traffic). Furthermore, we found that BQCV may aerosolize within an incubator to contaminate wax at detectable levels among independent cages. A second cage study explored the potential effects of virus aerosolization on transmission between groups of adult worker bees within cages, having no direct contact. This experiment did not support aerosol transmission between groups of bees in confined spaces. Further work on waxborne virus transmission within colony environments, and potential effects of aerosolization under a wider array of conditions, is crucial to broadening our knowledge of honey bee virus transmission. Our work also highlights potential dangers for beekeepers re-using equipment from dead colonies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".