AutoNTT: Automatic Architecture Design and Exploration for Number Theoretic Transform Acceleration on FPGAs
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), which enables homomorphic computing on encrypted data, has emerged as a promising privacy-aware computing method. However, FHE is orders-of-magnitude slower than the same computation on plain data, making it far from practical use. One of the major computation bottlenecks in FHE is the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT). While prior studies have accelerated NTT using specific architectures and FHE parameters, there still lacks a design automation tool to systematically design and explore various NTT architectures to support a diverse range of FHE parameters, such as various polynomial sizes, modulo sizes, and reduction methods. In this paper, we present AutoNTT, an open-source automatic architecture design and exploration tool to generate highly scalable NTT accelerators on FPGAs. Unlike prior studies, AutoNTT can automatically generate several optimized NTT acceleration architectures in HLS (i.e., iterative, dataflow, and hybrid architectures) with multiple common reduction methods, and support a large range of polynomial sizes (2<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup>–2<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup>) and modulo sizes (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$log_{q}: 28-64$</tex>). In our auto-generated NTT architectures, we have applied many optimizations, such as polynomial and twiddle factor buffer reduction, and simplifying interconnections between different butterfly unit groups. Compared to prior studies, AutoNTT can generate NTT accelerators with 2.48× better latency and 3.61× better throughput on average, while maintaining a similar FPGA resource utilization. AutoNTT will be released soon at https://github.com/SFU-HiAccel/AutoNTT.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it