Bioinspired Design for Energy-Efficient Soft Actuators Achieving Asymmetrical Spatiotemporal Deformation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a bioinspired pneumatic soft actuator designed to achieve asymmetrical spatiotemporal deformations, inspired by the dynamic motion of human walking. The actuator's key innovation is a half-crossing structure that enables controlled airflow to produce complex bending and linear motions using only two air tubes. This design significantly reduces structural complexity and energy consumption compared with conventional soft actuators, which often require multiple air channels to achieve similar deformations. The actuator mimics the stance and swing phases of locomotion, allowing precise multidirectional movements, including forward, backward, and turning motions. A passive feedforward control strategy further enhances movement flexibility without the need for complex feedback systems. Experimental results demonstrate the actuator's adaptability and efficiency when integrated into a hexapod robot, with optimized performance through adjustments in air pressure and cycle duration. This work offers a versatile and energy-efficient solution for adaptive locomotion in soft robotics, advancing the field through a novel approach to actuator design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".