Output-Optimal Algorithms for Join-Aggregate Queries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the most celebrated results of computing join-aggregate queries defined over commutative semi-rings is the classic Yannakakis algorithm proposed in 1981. It is known that the runtime of the Yannakakis algorithm is O(N + OUT) for any free-connex query, where N is the input size of the database and ØUT is the output size of the query result. This is already output-optimal. However, only an upper bound O(N • OUT) on the runtime is known for the large remaining class of acyclic but non-free-connex queries. Alternatively, one can convert a non-free-connex query into a free-connex one using tree decomposition techniques and then run the Yannakakis algorithm. This approach takes O(N #fn-subw + OUT) time, where #fn-subw is the free-connex sub-modular width of the query. But, none of these results is known to be output-optimal. In this paper, we show a matching lower and upper bound Θ(N • OUT 1 - 1/(fn-fhtw) + OUT) for computing general acyclic join-aggregate queries by semiring algorithms, where fn-fhtw is the free-connex fractional hypertree width of the query. For example, fn-fhtw = 1 for free-connex queries, fn-fhtw = 2 for line queries (a.k.a. chain matrix multiplication), and fn-fhtw = k for star queries (a.k.a. star matrix multiplication) with k relations. Although free-connex fractional hypertree width is a natural and well-established measure of how far a join-aggregate query is from being free-connex, we demonstrate that it precisely captures the output-optimal complexity of these queries. To our knowledge, this has been the first polynomial improvement over the Yannakakis algorithm in the last 40 years and completely resolves the open question of computing acyclic join-aggregate queries in an output-optimal way. As a by-product, our output-optimal algorithm for acyclic queries also yields new output-sensitive algorithms for cyclic queries via tree decomposition techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".