Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article shows the conditions under which the police in Britain manage national and local disasters by working closely with those providing a service to alleviate the situation, both today and in previous times. I compare the work of the police in two periods beginning with the present: the 2021 COVID-19 disaster related to the London and the South Western ambulance services, compared with food insecurity in the last two years of the First World War, to demonstrate how the police in both eras managed the population while helping to provide an essential service. Both examples convey that helping the population and communities during disasters is a legitimate role for the police which helps to maintain public order and brings them closer to the communities they serve, thereby increasing the credibility of policing by consent. Police involvement in disaster management today while tracing its roots to similar conduct in an earlier time, highlights the changes in the social and cultural context of policing. Following today’s practices back in time foregrounds the present in the context of the past.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".