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Record W4411432645 · doi:10.1111/twec.70001

Exercising Strategic Flexibility by <scp>MNEs</scp> During the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis

2025· article· en· W4411432645 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueWorld Economy · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicInternational Business and FDI
Canadian institutionsInnovation, Science and Economic Development CanadaStatistics CanadaUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsRecessionMultinational corporationFinancial crisisForeign direct investmentBusinessContext (archaeology)Flexibility (engineering)International economicsBusiness cycleInternational tradeEconomicsFinance

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT Given the merits associated with foreign direct investment (FDI), governments deploy policies to attract foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs). At the same time, governments deploy policies to smooth business cycles because of the costs associated with fluctuations in economic activity. The cross‐border presence of MNEs bestows upon them the strategic flexibility to adjust their activities across borders in response to recessions or financial crisis (or both). This raises the important question of whether, within any given domestic‐market context, the operations of both domestic and foreign MNEs magnify or mitigate business cycles. The current paper is focused on the 2008–2009 global financial crisis and the recession that followed, and the extent to which domestic and foreign MNEs operating in the Canadian market magnified its effects on the Canadian economy. This research is important because to the extent that MNEs magnify the effects of such financial crises, these additional costs must be offset against the benefits that come from the presence of MNEs.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.352
Threshold uncertainty score0.719

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.227
Teacher spread0.215 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it