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Record W4411593866 · doi:10.1521/soco.2025.43.3.194

From Data to Discovery: Unsupervised Machine Learning's Role in Social Cognition

2025· article· en· W4411593866 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueSocial Cognition · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicMisinformation and Its Impacts
Canadian institutionsKellogg's (Canada)
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPsychologyCognitionSocial cognitionCognitive psychologyCognitive scienceNeuroscience

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The study of how cognition and society interact is a complex endeavor that demands multiple methods and tools. Yet research in social cognition has only begun to capitalize on unsupervised machine learning (UML) tools that can uncover hidden patterns in data. In this tutorial, we introduce UML as a complementary approach to traditional statistical methods. We illustrate four methods (K-means clustering, Density-Based Clustering of Applications With Noise [DBSCAN], Principal Component Analysis [PCA], and Market Basket Analysis) applied to data from Project Implicit and the Implicit Association. We show how UML can identify patterns and relationships that conventional methods might overlook. Throughout, we provide clear (and openly available) code and highlight important researcher decision points in implementing UML in social cognition work. By bringing the advances of UML into social cognition, we will be better equipped to tackle larger, more diverse, or multilevel data sets that reveal the complexities of our social world.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: Qualitative
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.339
Threshold uncertainty score0.838

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.061
GPT teacher head0.363
Teacher spread0.302 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it