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Record W4411798945 · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3584206

Building a Robust Scenario Library for Safety Assurance of Automated Driving Systems: A Review

2025· review· en· W4411798945 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueIEEE Access · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicSafety Systems Engineering in Autonomy
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersUniversity of WarwickTransport CanadaUK Research and InnovationDepartment of Transport, UK Government
KeywordsComputer scienceSafety assuranceSystem safetyEngineeringReliability engineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Ensuring the safety of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) is both a critical and complex endeavor. The increasing demand for autonomous driving technologies underscores the importance of robust safety assurance, yet the intricate nature of these systems presents significant challenges. Scenario-based testing has emerged as a promising approach for ADS safety assurance, but the industry still lacks a comprehensive workflow to effectively implement this process. A pivotal element of scenario-based safety assurance is the creation of a scenario library that thoroughly encompasses the necessary conditions to test ADSs for deployment in specific regions. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of best practices and research in scenario-based safety assurance, aiming to develop a detailed scenario library tailored for testing ADSs within diverse driving conditions. The research addresses the need for scenario creation for the verification and validation (V&V) of ADSs across different environments. The diverse environmental conditions and road traffic behaviors present unique challenges that distinguish one region from another. While every region has its specificities, certain contexts pose particular difficulties in scenario development. This paper outlines the literature review methodology used and presents the current state of scenarios and scenario generation activities. The review synthesizes information from over a hundred sources, including research articles, standards, and best practices. The literature is evaluated across six key areas: Operational Design Domain (ODD), scenario description and representation, data sources and scenario generation methods, scenario selection, scenario assessment and test criteria, and general frameworks for ADS safety assurance. Key contributions, among others, include a structured classification of scenario generation and selection methods, identification of gaps in current practices, and a set of actionable recommendations for future research and regulatory alignment. The paper concludes with recommendations for future work, focusing on the use of scenarios for ADS V&V and proposing a scenario-generation framework tailored to various driving environments.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Systematic review · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.548
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0040.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0020.000
Research integrity0.0010.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.032
GPT teacher head0.315
Teacher spread0.283 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it