Long‐Term Performance Analysis of Foundation Pile and Vertical Borehole Heat Exchangers for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Cold Climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ground source heat pump systems (GSHPs) have received considerable interest from researchers for the decarbonization of energy use in buildings owing to their higher efficiency. The ground heat exchanger (GHE) is the primary component of a GSHP. Vertical borehole heat exchangers (VBHE) and foundation piles (FP) are common GHEs that researchers are developing and optimizing to reduce capital cost and seasonal ground thermal imbalance associated with GSHP. While VBHEs have been a subject of research for decades, FPs are emerging as an excellent replacement for VBHEs because the initial cost associated with installation is lower, and their installation does not require complex drilling equipment and expertise. In this study, a numerical investigation was undertaken to characterize the performance of a VBHE and an FP in a GSHP system under the same operating conditions. Realistic time‐varying building energy loads were used for a residential building in Calgary, Alberta. To verify the reliability of the developed model, the results from the model were compared with experimental data from the literature, yielding excellent agreement. The results of this study indicate the potential for ground freezing due to continuous heat extraction in the vicinity of the FP and VBHE if the peak building energy load capacity exceeds 1.1 kW (0.3 tons) per FP and 5.6 kW (1.5 tons) per 150 m VBHE, respectively. Overall, using 5.6 kW per 150 m VBHE performs better, with a lower ground temperature decline, the highest heating mode coefficient of performance (COP), and a less pronounced decline in outlet temperature after the fifth operation cycle. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing GHEs, enhancing system efficiency, and ensuring long‐term thermal sustainability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".