Transgenerational effects of heavy metal contamination on two <i>Trichogramma</i> egg parasitoids and potential impacts on biological control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increased basic knowledge of biological control agents' bio-ecology under environmental stress provides useful information for optimizing integrated pest management. With an increasing awareness of cadmium (Cd) pollution in agroecosystems, this study evaluated the transgenerational effects and host preference of two widely distributed and utilized egg parasitoids, Trichogramma dendrolimi and Trichogramma japonicum through bottom-up effects mediated by Cd. The host rice moth Corcyra cephalonica was reared on a diet with 20 mg/kg Cd exposure for 1 generation; eggs were collected, and then exposed to Trichogramma. The survival rate, longevity, daily number of parasitized eggs, and fecundity of second generation (F1) females, emergence rate, and female adult proportion of the third generation (F2) were tested. After emerging from Cd-exposed hosts, the survival rate and longevity of F1 T. dendrolimi female adults were significantly increased, but the daily number of eggs parasitized by, and fecundity of, F1 T. japonicum were significantly decreased. Cd exposure significantly resulted in a preference for hosts exposed to Cd in both F1 T. dendrolimi and T. japonicum, whereas no such host preference was observed when the first generation (F0) parasitoids were not exposed to Cd during their development. Our study shows the transgenerational effects and host preference on natural enemies under heavy metal exposure stress in a species-specific way. This highlights the potential synergetic effects of heavy metal contamination on biological control. Specifically, the release of T. dendrolimi, rather than T. japonicum, should be favored at Cd-contaminated sites, where T. dendrolimi is a more suitable biocontrol agent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".