Conversion of Waste to Sustainable Transport Fuel via Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Process Modeling and Life Cycle Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT A lifecycle analysis was performed on a process for distributed forest residue collection and conversion into biocrude, followed by biocrude transport to a central facility and indirect liquefaction using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with refining to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). It was found that the carbon intensity (CI) of the process for conversion of forest residue to biocrude in satellite facilities was 7.1 g CO2e MJ−1, for biocrude to SAF conversion at the central facility was 18.9 g CO2e MJ−1, and coproduction of electric power at the central facility for export to the grid was −16.2 g CO2e MJ−1. The CI contribution of biocrude production was higher than the CI contribution of biocrude to SAF conversion with electric power coproduction. Overall, the CI of the process, including the contribution of SAF combustion during its use, was 11.6 g CO2e MJ−1, compared to the reference value for petroleum‐derived jet fuel of 68 g CO2e MJ−1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".