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Record W4412583181 · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v20n4p279

Chronic Shortage of CPAs: Leveraging Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Technology as a Sustainable Solution

2025· article· en· W4412583181 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Business and Management · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicRobotic Process Automation Applications
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEconomic shortageAutomationProcess (computing)Manufacturing engineeringComputer scienceRisk analysis (engineering)BusinessEngineeringProcess managementEngineering managementMechanical engineeringOperating system

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Although the chronic shortage of certified public accountants (CPAs) is a global issue (including in Canada), in the United States the shortage is so acute that many organizations are unable to provide audited financial statements to stakeholders (i.e., tax authorities, regulators, rating agencies, creditors) on time. This crisis has led the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants to create the National Pipeline Advisory Group (NPAG) with the mandate to understand the root causes of the issue and make actionable recommendations. The NPAG made multiple recommendations to increase the CPA pipeline, and its 22-member group recognized that these recommendations alone will not fix the shortage of CPAs; therefore, it encouraged the profession to explore other avenues. Through this review I showed that widespread adoption of robotic process automation (RPA) technology is a sustainable solution to the shortage of CPAs. As research has shown, there are proven use cases, such as an RPA that can complete a task in 17 seconds instead of 17 hours, with an increase in accuracy by 99% instead of 90% frees employees for high-value tasks that require professional judgment. However, there are multiple roadblocks that are preventing the profession from leveraging RPA technology. Removing these impediments will help accelerate the adoption of the RPA technology, address the chronic shortage of CPAs, and contribute to the creation of career opportunities for professional CPAs.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.966
Threshold uncertainty score0.372

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.248
Teacher spread0.243 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it