Topside Ionosphere During the Mother's Day Superstorm as Observed by Multiple LEO Spacecraft, Including SNIPE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We analyze the topside electron density and temperature during the superstorm in May 2024 (Mother's Day storm or Gannon storm), using multiple Low‐Earth Orbit (LEO) spacecraft operating at different altitudes, such as Swarm, International Space Station, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, Polar Operational Environmental Satellites, and the Small‐scale magNetospheric and Ionospheric Plasma Experiment (SNIPE). The SNIPE mission was designed to investigate micro‐scale plasma structures in Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. The SNIPE constellation was launched on 25 May 2023, and continues to operate in a dawn‐dusk Sun‐synchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 530–550 km. In this paper, we report significant changes in topside electron density and temperature, measured by SNIPE. Furthermore, SNIPE observations are compared with independent ground‐based Total Electron Content measurements and data from other LEO satellites. Three characteristics of the data are highlighted. First, we address the unusual expansion of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly around the magnetic equator and its hemispheric asymmetry, which is dependent on altitude. Second, a large Tongue of Ionization in the polar region extends to ∼840 km above the ground, accompanied by a weak decrease in electron temperature. Third, we report electron temperature enhancement near the auroral zones across a wide range of local times, which partially overlaps with energetic particle precipitation. These three results complement existing studies of the Mother's Day/Gannon geomagnetic storm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".