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Record W4412805970 · doi:10.2308/jeta-2023-066

Hey ChatGPT—Is a Louis Vuitton Bag an Investment? Evaluating LLM Readiness for Use in Financial Literacy and Education

2025· article· en· W4412805970 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Canadian institutionsDalhousie UniversityCape Breton University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsInvestment (military)Financial literacyFinanceBusinessPsychologyPolitical science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT The prevalence of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has wowed the world with its ability to generate text in a human-like manner. While educators evaluate how AI will impact the future of learning, we identify mistakes ChatGPT has made. We further extend this concern to nonfinancially sophisticated users seeking to improve their financial literacy who may not possess the financial acumen to determine when the AI is hallucinating. Using a longitudinal study, our analysis frames the prompts and subsequent findings within the four stages of the Dunning-Kruger effect to explore how users of varying expertise receive output from the LLMs. We find that ChatGPT cannot always fully distinguish between three different user groups. Our findings have important implications for accountants, educators, and students using LLMs as a tool in work and education and for the general population looking to bypass financial experts for their personal finance needs. Data Availability: Data will be made available upon request. JEL Classifications: M41.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.007
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.706
Threshold uncertainty score0.897

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.007
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.111
GPT teacher head0.475
Teacher spread0.365 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it