Using Language to Test Developmental Differences in Attitudes Toward Solitude in Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to assess developmental differences in adolescents’ and emerging adults’ attitudes toward solitude using three different methodologies. Participants were N = 1224 adolescents (n = 367, ages 15–18 years, Mage = 16.13, SD = 0.54; 65.7% female) and emerging adults (n = 857, aged 18–29 years, Mage = 19.75 years, SD = 2.28; 70.2% female). Participants completed a rating scale assessing explicit attitudes towards solitude. Linguistic indices of attitudes were also derived from participants’ descriptions of someone who ‘enjoys and values solitude’, using both content analysis and sentiment analysis. Themes derived from a content analysis of these descriptions included ‘Introvert’, ‘Ambivert’, ‘Neutral’, ‘Positive’ and ‘Negative’. Lexicon‐based sentiment analysis was also completed to assess levels of valence, arousal and dominance in each description. Results indicate a complex set of inter‐associations among methodological approaches to measuring attitudes toward solitude. However, across all three methodologies, emerging adults displayed more positive views of solitude than adolescents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".