A systematic review of neural network applications for groundwater level prediction
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Physical models have long been employed for groundwater level (GWL) prediction. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly neural networks (NNs), has gained widespread use in forecasting GWL. Forecasting of GWL is essential to enable the analysis, quantifying, and management of groundwater. This systematic review investigates the application of NNs for GWL prediction, focusing on the architectures of the various NN models employed. The study utilizes the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology to screen and synthesize relevant scientific articles. Various NN architectures, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), feedforward neural networks (FFNNs), backpropagation neural networks (BPNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and hybrid models, were analyzed. The results from the systematic review indicate a growing preference for hybrid models, which effectively capture hidden relationships between GWL and environmental factors. The root mean square error (RMSE) emerges as the predominant performance metric, highlighting its significance in evaluating NNs. Results from the review also highlight the significance of comprehensive, long-term datasets covering a decade for robust trend analyses and accurate predictions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of new trends in groundwater research such as the application of neural networks for prediction problems in groundwater research. In conclusion, a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm produced more efficient results emphasizing their efficacy. In addition, lagged values were essential input for GWL prediction. The paper addressed both technical nuances and broader environmental implications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it