Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, have become a weapon of choice on the modern battlefield. As military and civilian industries try to develop effective counter-drone systems, early detection of flying drones still poses multiple challenges to state-of-the-art computer vision technologies. These challenges include a growing variety of military and commercial drones, their small size compared to piloted aircraft, blending with the background, similarity to birds, etc. In our experiments on drone images of variable size, we have observed a rapid drop in the accuracy of a state-of-the-art drone detection model when applied to distant drones that take a relatively small area on the entire image. However, we show that this early detection accuracy can be significantly improved by applying the drone detection model to an image masked by the Canny edge detector. We suggest applying the model to the original and the masked images in parallel and determining a drone detection decision by the highest confidence value under the condition that the detected object is not recognized as a bird by a general-purpose object detection model. The results of our evaluation experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed drone detection approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".