Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 12
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book is a continuation of the prestigious series investigating current tax policy debates in an historical context. The authors are a mix of senior tax professionals from academia, the judiciary, and practice, with representatives from 9 countries. The chapters fall within 3 basic categories: 1. UK tax, looking at a variety of topics ranging from income tax (introduction and deduction at source), tax administration (Scotland), cases and judges (Lord Wilberforce), to the Peasants' Revolt, indirect taxation (tonnage tax and excise), and tax concepts (beneficial ownership). 2. International taxation, with chapters on the origins of the international income tax order, the UN (1950s and 60s), and VAT (origins and procedure). 3. Non-UK tax systems, including chapters on income tax in Singapore and early developments in Japan, South Africa (GAAR), an influential Canadian report (Carter Commission), taxation in classical Athens, and in the medieval Italian city-states. Collecting papers from the biennial Cambridge Tax Law History Conference, the book is a key resource for those interested in tax law and legal history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".