Global epidemiology and diagnostic insights into canine brucellosis: A comprehensive meta-analysis and meta-regression
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This meta-analysis on canine brucellosis aimed to examine the global epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic techniques, and clinical symptoms associated with the disease. The study adhered to the Cochrane approach and PRISMA recommendations for precise data selection and analysis, drawing from research published between 1970 and 2025. Data was gathered from various databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Strict criteria were implemented to evaluate relevant papers for inclusion, ensuring that the research focused specifically on Brucella spp. infections in dogs. Non-peer-reviewed sources and studies lacking sufficient data were excluded from the meta-analysis, with the focus placed on peer-reviewed original research employing robust methodologies. Extracted data encompassed sample size, diagnostic techniques, geographic distributions, and epidemiological indicators. Bacterial culture, PCR, and serological tests were compared among the various diagnostic techniques. The prevalence of canine brucellosis was estimated on 175,675 samples by dividing the number of positive samples by the total sample count. Statistical tools such as the I 2 index and Chi-square tests assessed heterogeneity and temporal trends. Results indicated marked geographic variation in canine brucellosis prevalence. While countries like China, Japan, and the UK reported lower rates, others, such as Canada (37.8 %), the Netherlands (32.5 %), and South Korea (26.5 %), showed higher rates. The overall pooled prevalence was 7.96 %. Among different types, farm dogs showed the highest infection rate (23.52 %). Diagnostic techniques varied in sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) showed higher detection rates than PCR or other techniques. B. canis emerged as the predominant species, followed by B. abortus and B. suis . The meta-analysis further emphasized the importance of identifying Brucella species in dogs. Female and symptomatic dogs had significantly higher infection rates, with typical clinical signs including fever, reproductive disorders, and joint pain. In summary, this meta-analysis provides comprehensive insight into the global status of canine brucellosis, emphasizing the need for further research to improve diagnostic accuracy, close epidemiological knowledge gaps, and enhance public health strategies. • The study spans over fifty-five years (1970–2025), encompassing 175,675 canine samples from 134 studies across six continents. • The global pooled prevalence found for canine brucellosis was 7.96 %, with significant geographic differences at both continental and national levels. • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) yielded notably higher detection rates compared to PCR and traditional serological methods. • The meta-analysis disaggregated prevalence by dog breed, sex, health status, and environmental context (e.g., rural vs urban), offering data for more precise for targeted interventions or control strategies • Farm dogs exhibited the highest infection rate (23.52 %), with female and symptomatic dogs being more frequently affected. • Brucella canis emerged as the most commonly identified species, followed by B. abortus and B. suis • Frequently observed clinical signs in infected dogs included fever, reproductive disorders (e.g., abortion, infertility), joint pain, and systemic symptoms.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.027 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it