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Record W4414853213 · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01651-6

A comparative analysis of environmental sustainability in G20 nations using a comprehensive framework

2025· article· en· W4414853213 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueDiscover Sustainability · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicSustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability IndexSustainable developmentChinaNatural resourceRank (graph theory)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Environmental Sustainability is pivotal among global concerns and refers to the prudent utilization of resources satisfying the present generation’s needs while preserving the comparable needs of future generations. This pioneering study develops and compares the ‘composite environmental sustainability index’ (CESI) for G20 nations from 1990 to 2022, using the OECD-based ‘principal component analysis’ (PCA) technique. The CESI incorporates sixteen indicators across five dimensions (water, air, natural resources, energy and waste, and biodiversity), grouped into three sub-indices aligned with nine SDGs. The CESI scores range from 1 (lowest sustainability) to 5 (highest). Results show that Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and the United States are the worst-performing countries, while Brazil, Canada, and Turkiye are the top-performers. Over the years, Germany and France have shown consistent improvement, whereas Indonesia, Turkiye, India, and China have declined. However, based on the 2022 rankings, Brazil, Germany, and France rank highest in environmental sustainability, while Saudi Arabia, China, and South Africa rank lowest. The analysis reveals that countries exhibiting decreasing trends are mostly emerging economies, while improvements are more common in advanced economies. This study offers a comprehensive overview of environmental sustainability in the G20 and provides insights for policymakers to identify critical indicators for the right sustainable policies.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.042
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.004
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.305
Teacher spread0.293 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it