Age estimation via electrocardiogram from smartwatches
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Age estimation is increasingly vital for regulating access to age-restricted services, especially to protect children online. Traditional methods-ID checks, facial recognition, and databases-raise concerns about privacy and reliability in digital contexts. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, reflecting heart activity, offer a promising alternative due to their age-dependent characteristics. However, prior research has largely relied on hospital-grade ECGs, limiting real-world use. To address this, we created a novel data set using smartwatch ECGs from 220 individuals across a broad age range. By testing various features and machine learning models, we achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.93 years-outperforming clinical ECG-based studies. Accuracy peaked during adolescence, when ECG changes are most pronounced. We also performed binary age classification (13-21 years), reaching 93-96% accuracy. These findings highlight smartwatch ECG's potential for accurate and privacy-respecting age estimation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it