Full-fat meal, defatted meal, oil and chitin from black soldier fly in low and high soybean-based diets on growth performance and nutrient retention of rainbow trout
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insects, such as black soldier flies (BSF), have garnered attention in the aquaculture industry as a sustainable protein and lipid alternative to fishmeal and fish oil. However, research is lacking on which components of BSF improve fish growth and nutrition and whether or not it is necessary to remove oil and chitin from BSF. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding full-fat and defatted BSF larval meal as well as BSF components of oil and chitin, on growth performance and nutrient retention of juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) challenged without and with a dietary stressor. Two 12-week feeding trials were performed where rainbow trout (mean initial weight of 29.63 ± 4.41 g in the first trial and 89.5 ± 1.6 g in the second trial) were fed with low (not challenged) or high (challenged) soybean-based diets, where fishmeal and fish oil were replaced with 5 and 10 % full-fat BSF, 5 and 10 % defatted BSF, 4 % BSF oil (extracted) and 1 % BSF chitin (extracted) at 8.6 °C. In fish fed low soybean-based diets, the inclusion of BSF oil and chitin led to improved growth performance (final weight, weight gain, FCR, and TGC) compared to diets containing 5 % or 10 % defatted BSF. However, the improvements were not significant when compared to the control diet. The improved growth was aligned with higher lipid intake, protein retained, and energy retained in fish fed the BSF oil and chitin diets. In contrast, for fish fed high soybean-based diets, the inclusion of BSF meals, oil, and chitin did not enhance growth performance or nutrient retention. Instead, fish fed the 5 % and 10 % defatted BSF diets showed similar reductions in weight gain and feed intake (protein, lipid, and energy). In summary, the full-fat and defatted BSF meals and BSF components from the two trials did not negatively reduce growth performance compared to the control diet, which highlights their successful replacement of fishmeal and fish oil. Additionally, these results demonstrate that feeding 4 % BSF oil and 1 % BSF chitin can improve growth performance and nutrient retention, although not when challenged with high soybean-based diets. These findings are important, as they show that BSF oil and chitin provide benefits to rainbow trout and should be included in BSF meals at low dietary inclusions (5–10 %) rather than removed during processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".