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Record W4415953715 · doi:10.1080/15230406.2025.2576496

Deepfake geography: a novel detection method for identifying manipulated satellite images

2025· article· en· W4415953715 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueCartography and Geographic Information Science · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicAdvanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
Canadian institutionsUniversité Laval
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSatellitePattern recognition (psychology)Satellite imageryVisualizationFeature (linguistics)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper explores the field of deepfake geography, which involves the creation and detection of manipulated satellite images using advanced deep-learning techniques. It begins with a discussion of the increasing accessibility and realism of deepfake technology, as well as its potential impact on trust, public opinion, and the dissemination of disinformation. Then, the manipulation of maps and geographical information is examined, highlighting notable examples and recent advancements in generative AI for creating synthetic satellite imagery. While prior studies have explored the detection of synthetic satellite images, they do not address the more challenging task of identifying manipulated content within real geospatial data. To fill this gap, a new deep-learning-based detection method is introduced, and its performance is evaluated using a dataset of deepfake-geography images created with a state-of-the-art generative model. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting fake areas in real satellite images. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of its findings and suggesting potential avenues for future research in deepfake-geography creation and detection.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.894
Threshold uncertainty score0.942

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0030.007
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.009
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.318
Teacher spread0.302 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it