Encapsulation of Allyl Isothiocyanate by Freeze- and Spray-Drying: Effects on Retention and Sensory Perception in Sodium-Reduced Soups
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) has been shown to enhance perceived saltiness in food products; however, it is also associated with a pungent and spicy flavour. The objective of this study was to assess the encapsulation of AITC with maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) using spray-drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD) techniques, with and without the addition of a surfactant. Furthermore, the different encapsulated formulations were evaluated for their impact on sensory properties when added to soups. In total, twelve different treatments were investigated. The physicochemical characteristics (i.e., encapsulation efficiency, surface oil content, capsule morphology, and moisture content) and sensory properties (i.e., hedonic scales and rate-all-that-apply) of the encapsulated AITC particles were analyzed. Gas chromatography revealed low AITC retention in all FD formulations, while SD formulations with surfactants achieved up to 136.71 mg AITC/g powder. Sensory trials were conducted on eight formulations added to tomato soup (0.500 mg AITC/100 mL) (SD trial: n = 79, and FD trial: n = 93). FD resulted in relatively low AITC retention (with and without surfactants), while SD with surfactants led to higher AITC retention. None of the formulations significantly impacted the saltiness perception of the soups. FD soups significantly enhanced thickness, creaminess, and tomato flavour, increasing overall liking. This is the first study to evaluate the sensory properties and cross-modal interactions of encapsulated AITC. Further studies are needed to continue exploring the sensory properties, its release behaviour, overall stability, and shelf life of encapsulated AITC.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it