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Surveillance at Work: An Interdisciplinary Discussion About the State of Research and Practice

2025· article· en· W4416005776 on OpenAlexaff
Daniel M. Ravid, Kirstie Ball, Tara S. Behrend, Ariane Ollier‐Malaterre, Chase E. Thiel

Bibliographic record

VenueAcademy of Management Proceedings · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicAI and HR Technologies
Canadian institutionsUniversité du Québec à Montréal
Fundersnot available
KeywordsState (computer science)Best practiceSession (web analytics)Empirical researchInformation technologyAccountabilityEmpirical evidence

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Employee surveillance, or electronic performance monitoring (EPM), refers to the now-common use of technology to observe, record, and analyze information that directly or indirectly relates to job performance. It has been nearly four decades since the earliest empirical studies of EPM, yet the literature remains fragmented and siloed across disciplines, including management, psychology, sociology, information systems, organizational theory, and law and criminal justice. Significant questions persist regarding how to best conceptualize and measure EPM. There also remains much to understand about its effects on individuals and organizations, as well as the contextual and individual factors that shape and constrain these effects. Despite these unresolved issues, the adoption of EPM continues to grow rapidly in practice, outpacing the research needed to guide its implementation. This symposium session will bring together a panel of experts in surveillance, employee monitoring, and technology to critically assess the current state of EPM research and practice, as well as identify opportunities for cross-disciplinary collaborations to integrate and advance the literature.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.182
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.159
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.182
Threshold uncertainty score0.965

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.1820.159
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0040.003
Bibliometrics0.0110.012
Science and technology studies0.0190.071
Scholarly communication0.0480.089
Open science0.0100.021
Research integrity0.0380.050
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.051
GPT teacher head0.373
Teacher spread0.322 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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