Advanced Data Integration, Knowledge Extraction, and Application in Energy-Efficient Telehealth IoT Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper further studies the previously proposed energy-efficient telehealth Internet of Things (IoT) model that focuses on data integration, knowledge extraction, and application in fog-cloud hybrid architecture. Our current study concentrates on how the system uses adaptive machine learning and data mining to optimize the system operation for increased real-time data analysis and reduced energy use, thus providing more effective patient monitoring in telehealth. The simulation designed for the patients in both a fog-enabled model and a cloud-only model applies various workloads sent from patients. In this fog-enabled model, data from IoT devices is preprocessed at fog nodes by investigating anomalies, trends, or other relevant machine learning algorithms, and then this data is transmitted to the cloud. It compares key performance metrics-energy, latency, speed of processing data, and prediction accuracy—in both a fog-enabled and a cloud-only model. Results show that the fog-enabled model reduces energy consumption by 20% and latency by 50%, compared to a cloud-only configuration. This indicates the distinct advantages of localized processing. Compared to the existing system, higher speed in processing data and improved accuracy in detecting statistical anomalies, thereby demonstrating the possibility that the system offers for real-time and scalable telehealth capabilities. Meanwhile, this work presents a comprehensive model for the sustainability and scalability of telehealth infrastructures, supported by simulation data and analysis evidencing the effectiveness of the model. Received: 2 December 2024 | Revised: 4 September 2025 | Accepted: 16 October 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Nathan Guo: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Writing — original draft, Visualization. Yunyong Guo: Methodology, Validation, Writing — review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. Bryan Guo: Software, Formal analysis, Data curation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".