Ponds and Their Potential for Agricultural Sustainability in Punjab; Insights from a Century of Surface Water Change in the Granary of India
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ponds are one of the most basic landscape features that humans can use to manage water, and were important landscape features common especially in periods before people began extracting groundwater using fossil-fuels. In this article we use historical cartography and geospatial methods to analyse a century of change in pond distribution in the Indian state of Punjab, part of a larger area colloquially known as the ‘Granary’ of India. We ask how the changing spatial distribution of ponds over the last century reflects shifts in water management over a period that also includes the Green Revolution (1968 onwards), when agriculture intensified and groundwater levels declined. We find that ponds were prevalent in the past, suggesting they contributed to more adaptive forms of water use. Pond numbers and area have declined over the last century, which leads us to suggest that pond restoration may provide a pathway to sustainable water governance in the region today.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it