When crisis hits home: cultural and gendered realities of entrepreneurial parenting in difficult times
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose This study identifies and details the notable effects of having children in the household and gender on how entrepreneurs experience work–family conflict, as well as on their well-being, during times of crisis (e.g. COVID-19 pandemic). Design/methodology/approach Leveraging both boundary theory and embeddedness literature, the authors analyze data from more than 6,500 entrepreneurs across 24 European countries, drawn from Eurofound's Living, Working and COVID-19 survey. Findings Entrepreneurs with children in the household experience greater work–family conflict than entrepreneurs without children, leading to variances in their psychological well-being. Female entrepreneurs are particularly affected by this increased work–family conflict and diminished well-being. However, a society's culture, measured as its embeddedness, can mitigate differences in work–family conflict and well-being between entrepreneurs with and without children. In particular, female entrepreneurs benefit from the support they receive from their embedded membership in family networks. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the link between parenthood and psychological well-being and the influences of conflicting demands between work and family in times of crisis. It accounts for how these links vary by both gender and the broader cultural environment, offering novel recommendations for how entrepreneurs can protect themselves, even in the midst of a crisis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".