Indigenous Peoples’ Relative Risk of Homicide in Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rates of homicide faced by Indigenous Peoples in Canada have been recognized as a crisis and human rights issue. This study meta-analytically synthesizes existing knowledge related to the relative risk of homicide for Indigenous Peoples across Canada. A systematic literature review was undertaken, and eligible studies were meta-analytically synthesized to test two hypotheses: (1) The pooled relative risk of homicide will be significantly greater for Indigenous Peoples than others in Canada; and (2) this risk will be greatest for Indigenous females. One exploratory analysis was also undertaken to test the moderation effect of geography. Indigenous Peoples in Canada were found to be at a more than four times greater risk for homicide than non-Indigenous people. Both Indigenous males and females face similar, elevated risks. The risk was found to be greater in specific geographic locations. Researchers, public health, government, and other officials must focus efforts on collaboration with Indigenous communities to reduce this grave health disparity across the highest risk areas while being gender inclusive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.052 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.022 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".