Experimental Validation of Free-Base Porphyrin Derivatives as Antifungal Agents against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Free-base porphyrin derivatives act as photosensitizers to form singlet oxygen, 1 O 2, a reactive oxygen species type II, and as such, they can act as antimicrobial agents. We report on an assessment of several neutral and ionic free-base porphyrin derivatives as potential antifungal agents by testing their effects on the crop pathogen Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), both in vitro and in vivo . The free-base ionic porphyrins tested impeded the growth of B. cinerea significantly in the 5–30 ppm concentration range when exposed to light but not under dark conditions. This response is consistent with a mechanism involving the photosensitization of 1 O 2 (g), which was confirmed by an observed phosphorescence signal at 1275 nm. Among the free-base porphyrins screened, charged molecules were particularly effective, a property that is associated with their enhanced ability to interact with fungal spores. Interestingly, ionic porphyrins were found to be efficient against various strains of B. cinerea, including those that are resistant to common fungicides, which are routinely used in agriculture. As such, our findings suggest that ionic free-base porphyrin photosensitizers serve as effective and sustainable alternatives to conventional fungicides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".