Introduction of traditional Japanese massage, Anma, and its education for the visually impaired, the past and the present
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This contribution is an extract of the presentation in the first International Symposium on the Science of Touch (ISST) in Canada in 2002. The objective of the presentation was to introduce the past and present condition of touch therapy in Japan to foreign therapists. Recently complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become popular in Western countries because of increasing medical expenses and people's changing thoughts of health and medicine. CAM, referred to as Oriental medicine, includes acupuncture, moxibustion, touch therapy, and Chinese Herbs has long been popular in Japan. Oriental medicine, originated in ancient China, was transported to Japan in the 6th century and has developed to the present original style of therapies. In the Edo Era, touch therapy and acupuncture developed extensively and was actively practiced by a number of visually impaired therapists who managed to train a new breed of therapists. This practice made touch therapy and acupuncture gained recognition as a suitable occupation for them. In the beginning of the last century three therapies were taught in schools for the visually impaired as vocational education and it has continued being practiced. In 1991, the Japanese Association of Manual Therapy was established and touch therapists and researchers began to study how they can legitimize touch therapy scientifically and prove its effectiveness at present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".