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Record W609598148

A Toll on Coal

2012· article· en· W609598148 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueProgressive railroading · 2012
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnergy
TopicRenewable energy and sustainable power systems
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCoalElectricityTollNatural gasNatural gas pricesNatural resource economicsConsumption (sociology)Quarter (Canadian coin)Environmental scienceWaste managementBusinessEngineeringEconomicsGeography
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This article will discuss how an exceedingly warm winter and extremely low natural gas prices have dragged down Class Is’ domestic coal traffic in the first quarter of this year. The high winter temperatures vastly reduced U.S. electricity consumption and enabled utilities to build up their stockpiles. At the same time, extremely low gas prices prompted some utilities to produce more electricity with gas instead of coal while the proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations created anxiety that power generated from coal might further decline. The article shows how the future of Class Is coal volume is through exporting. Australia typically supplies two-thirds of the metallurigical coal needed worldwide and the area has been impacted by severe flooding recently. There is also some increased demand for thermal coal used by utilities in Asia, and some in Europe.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.955
Threshold uncertainty score0.809

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.270
Teacher spread0.251 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it