Agronomic responses of soybean to long-term implementation of tillage and crop rotation systems in Indiana from 1975 to 2022
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Early evaluation of reduced tillage systems in the Midwest centered on well-drained and/or erosive soils. Due to reduced water erosion and savings in soil moisture, systems leaving 70% or more of the soil surface covered with residue often increased yield potential on these soils. These findings could not be generalized, however, to the dark silty clay loam soils of the Eastern Corn Belt where soil moisture and erosion were less severe problems.</p> <p align="left">Beginning in 1975, a range of tillage systems have been compared annually on Chalmers silty clay loam soil (4% OM) at the Purdue Agronomy Center for Research and Education (ACRE) in West-central Indiana. Our goals are to determine long-term yield potential of the different systems and to determine changes in soil characteristics and crop growth that could be associated with yield differences. Plow, chisel, ridge-till (discontinued in 2008) strip-till, and no-till systems are compared for continuous corn, corn following soybeans, soybeans following corn, and continuous soybeans. There are 4 replications; individual plots are 30-feet wide and 150-feet long.</p> <h3>Soil and Crop Management</h3> <p align="left">Cultural practices have been relatively consistent since the study began. Plowing and chiseling were done in the fall with 1 disking and/or 1 or 2 field cultivation passes for spring seedbed preparation. For the ridge system, ridges were made at the time of inter-row cultivation in corn and after harvest in soybeans. (The ridge system was replaced with strip-till for 2010 and beyond.) Row width for corn is 30-inches. Both moldboard and chisel plowed corn plots were also inter-row cultivated until 2008. No-till has never been inter-row cultivated. Row width for soybeans was 30-inches for soybeans in all treatments from 1975 to 1994. Starting in 1995, soybeans were drilled in 7.5-inch rows for plow, chisel and no-till treatments, but the ridge treatment remained at 30-inches. Due to the threat of soybean rust disease, all soybean treatments were switched back to 30-inch rows starting in 2005. We concluded that the mechanical damage to plants during possible fungicide application(s) most likely would have greatly reduced yield in the harvest area of drilled soybeans. Soybean plots have not been inter-row cultivated since 2004.</p> <p align="left">Starter fertilizer was used for all corn plots (except in 2010), but not for soybeans. Placement was 2-inches to the side and 2-inches below the seed. The nitrogen source for corn was anhydrous ammonia through 2000 (either pre-plant or side-dress) and liquid UAN (28%) (always side-dress applied) starting in 2001. Total nitrogen applied generally exceeded 180 lbs/acre of actual N.&nbsp; Phosphorus, potassium and lime were surface-applied as needed.</p> <p align="left">Corn planting dates ranged from April 5 to May 31 and soybean dates from April 25 to June 21; however, all tillage treatments were planted on the same day each year. One-inch fluted, 2-inch fluted or bubble coulters were used ahead of planter disk openers from 1975 to 1996. Starting in 1997, no coulters were used ahead of disk openers as per planter manufacturer recommendation; however, tined row cleaners were used in no-till corn treatments. For ridge planting, horizontal disks were used to scrape ridges at planting from 1980 to 1996 and then we switched to planter-mounted, double-vertical disks in 1997. Strip-till, which replaced ridge-till in 2010, was accomplished with a Remlinger brand toolbar equipped with row cleaners, a shank set for 8-inches deep, and concave disks to catch soil from the shank and deposit it on the shank track.</p> <p align="left">Burndown herbicides were applied to control existing vegetation when needed. Pre-emergence herbicides were applied with the planting pass from 1975 through 1996. Starting in 1997, pre-emergence herbicides were applied after planting in a separate operation. Post-applied herbicides were used for weed escapes. Where needed, plots were hand weeded to ensure that weed control did not limit yield. Insecticides were applied at planting for corn rootworm control until 2008 when we switched to genetically modified corn hybrids. Chemical control for cutworms, stalk borers, bean leaf beetle, rodents, and spider mites was applied as needed.</p> <p align="left">The ridge-till treatment was discontinued after harvest in the fall of 2008. These plots were chisel plowed and disked to destroy the ridges after fall harvest and then strip-tilled in March of 2009. Heavy rains in April and May of 2009 leveled the strips to the point of being unrecognizable. We decided to use 2009 as a set-up year and to field cultivate once more before planting in 2009. Strips were successfully established in the fall of 2009 with 2010 becoming the first data year for strip-till.</p> <p align="left">Eighteen corn hybrids and 23&nbsp;soybean varieties have been used during the 48&nbsp;years of this project.</p> <h3><a name="_Toc63134469">Researchers Involved</a></h3> <p align="left">Dr. Jerry V. Mannering, Harry Galloway and Donald R. Griffith initiated the experiment in 1975 and continued to direct it until their respective retirements in 1989, 1980, and 1995. Terry D. West has managed the experiment from 1979 until present. Dr. Tony J. Vyn became involved in 1998, after moving from Canada where he had been involved in tillage research for 20 years.</p> <p align="left">Numerous faculty and graduate students have conducted research on this experiment over the years. Most of the efforts were directed towards soil physical properties (Drs. Mannering, Kladivko and Steinhardt), soybean diseases (Drs. Abney and Westphal), corn and soybean production (Griffith and Dr. Swearingin), agricultural engineering (Dr. Parsons), soil microbiology (Drs. Nakatsu, Turco and Brouder), soil fertility (Dr. Mengel) and entomology (Bledsoe).</p>
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it